Adherents of the Catholic faith often observe periods of abstinence from certain foods, especially meat, or limit the quantity of meals consumed daily. These dietary adjustments are undertaken as acts of penance and spiritual discipline, particularly during Lent and on certain Fridays throughout the year. A structured guide outlining permissible and prohibited foods, along with suggested meal ideas during these times, provides practical support for individuals seeking to fulfill these religious obligations. For example, a guide may suggest fish-based recipes for Fridays during Lent, alongside alternatives to traditional meat-heavy dishes.
The practice promotes spiritual reflection and self-control. By voluntarily abstaining from certain comforts, individuals may cultivate a deeper connection with their faith and demonstrate solidarity with those who are less fortunate. Historically, these observances served as a means of communal identification and a tangible expression of religious devotion. These customs also reinforce principles of moderation and mindful consumption, which can have positive impacts on personal well-being.
Understanding the regulations surrounding fasting and abstinence is key to adhering to Catholic traditions. Detailed considerations of acceptable food options, guidelines for portion sizes, and the liturgical calendar are essential components for successfully navigating these practices. The following sections will elaborate on these aspects and provide further clarity on the proper implementation of these customs.
1. Lenten Observance
The forty days of Lent, a period of profound introspection within the Catholic faith, often dictates the contours of the yearly religious calendar. This time is not merely about abstaining; it’s about a purposeful redirection of focus toward spiritual growth. Within this framework, a carefully constructed dietary regimen assumes significance. The catholic fasting meal plan during Lent serves as a tangible expression of sacrifice, a daily reminder of the call to repentance and renewed commitment. Its structure mirrors the broader spiritual objectives of the season. Consider, for instance, the family that traditionally enjoyed elaborate Sunday dinners. During Lent, they might replace this with a simple soup and bread, using the saved time and resources to engage in charitable work.
The cause-and-effect relationship is clear: the call to Lenten observance inspires the creation and adherence to a deliberate dietary structure. This isn’t simply about deprivation; it’s about cultivating a spirit of discipline and mindfulness. The absence of certain foods, notably meat on Fridays, prompts a re-evaluation of consumption habits, leading families to discover nutritious alternatives and fostering a deeper appreciation for the sustenance they receive. The local parish fish fry on Fridays, for example, becomes not just a meal, but a community event, symbolizing collective sacrifice and solidarity in faith.
In essence, during the period of Lent, is an essential tool for meaningful observation. Adherence to the “catholic fasting meal plan” is the physical action of spiritual discipline. This act links participants to the religious community. The structured approach to dietary restrictions helps direct adherents’ focus from self-gratification to spiritual reflection. Ultimately, is one element of the forty-day Lenten journey to strengthen faith.
2. Abstinence from Meat
The practice of abstaining from meat on certain days, most notably Fridays during Lent, stands as a central tenet of Catholic tradition. This deliberate choice, woven into the fabric of the Catholic faith, profoundly influences the structure and content of any “catholic fasting meal plan.” The absence of meat requires careful consideration, prompting adjustments to ensure nutritional balance and adherence to religious obligations.
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Symbolic Sacrifice and Remembrance
The choice to forgo meat carries a symbolic weight, representing a sacrifice made in remembrance of Christ’s crucifixion on Good Friday. This act of self-denial serves as a tangible expression of faith and penance. For example, a family might replace their usual Friday night steak dinner with a simple fish dish, consciously acknowledging the religious significance of the day and the sacrifice it commemorates. This act of remembrance ties the individual to a centuries-old tradition, reinforcing their connection to the Catholic community.
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Dietary Adaptations and Alternatives
When meat is removed from the equation, those adhering to the fasting guidelines must find suitable substitutes to maintain a balanced diet. This often leads to creative culinary exploration, incorporating seafood, vegetables, legumes, and plant-based proteins. A traditional “catholic fasting meal plan” will feature recipes that highlight these alternatives, ensuring that adherents receive adequate nutrition while still observing the prescribed abstinence. The local grocery store, during Lent, often dedicates special sections to seafood and vegetarian options, catering to this increased demand.
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Community and Shared Observance
Abstinence from meat is not solely an individual practice; it is often observed collectively within families and parishes. Fish fries, potlucks featuring vegetarian dishes, and communal meals become common occurrences, fostering a sense of shared sacrifice and solidarity. These gatherings strengthen the bonds within the Catholic community, providing mutual support and encouragement during periods of fasting. The church cookbook, filled with recipes designed specifically for Lent, becomes a treasured resource, passed down through generations.
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Discipline and Self-Control
The conscious decision to abstain from meat requires discipline and self-control, virtues that are highly valued in the Catholic faith. Resisting the temptation to indulge in prohibited foods strengthens one’s resolve and fosters a deeper appreciation for the sacrifices made. This practice extends beyond the culinary realm, encouraging adherents to exercise self-discipline in other areas of their lives as well. The act of saying “no” to meat becomes a small, but significant, step in a larger journey toward spiritual growth.
In conclusion, the practice of abstaining from meat significantly shapes the structure and purpose of a “catholic fasting meal plan.” More than a simple dietary restriction, it serves as a powerful symbol of faith, a catalyst for dietary adaptation, a promoter of community, and a tool for cultivating self-discipline. The absence of meat becomes an opportunity for spiritual reflection and a deeper connection to the traditions and values of the Catholic Church.
3. Specified Fridays
The calendar marks certain Fridays beyond Lent with a particular solemnity, days on which the call to penance echoes throughout Catholic life. For many, this translates directly into the contents of the day’s meals. The connection between these Fridays and the structuring of the “catholic fasting meal plan” is one of cause and effect. The Church designates these days; observant Catholics respond by adjusting their diets, simplifying meals, and abstaining from meat. For instance, a family might recall the parish priest’s reminder of a Friday dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows. In response, the mother might prepare a simple vegetarian soup, explaining to her children that the day is an opportunity to reflect on Mary’s suffering and offer personal sacrifices. The “catholic fasting meal plan,” in this instance, becomes a visible, edible manifestation of faith. These days gain their importance not just from the Church’s designation but from the collective commitment of believers to honor them through specific actions.
The practical significance extends beyond mere compliance. The carefully thought-out “catholic fasting meal plan” ensures adherents don’t simply remove meat, but replace it with nourishing alternatives. Consider the example of a devout elderly woman, Maria, who lives alone. Every Friday, she carefully prepares a small portion of fish with steamed vegetables, adhering to the spirit of abstinence while ensuring she receives adequate nutrition. Her carefully planned meal isn’t just about following rules; it’s a form of self-care and a connection to her lifelong faith. The meal plan becomes a quiet ritual, a personal expression of her devotion. The understanding of the “catholic fasting meal plan” also helps navigate social situations. A Catholic invited to a Friday lunch with colleagues might politely decline the offered meat-based dish, explaining their observance and suggesting a vegetarian alternative. This act, while seemingly small, becomes a subtle witness to their faith.
In summary, the specified Fridays serve as prompts, urging Catholics to embody their faith through dietary choices. The corresponding “catholic fasting meal plan” provides a framework for this expression, ensuring that these acts of penance are both meaningful and sustainable. While challenges may arise the temptation to deviate, the difficulty of finding suitable alternatives the underlying connection between these designated days and the structure of the meal plan remains a vital element of Catholic observance, linking believers to a shared tradition of faith and sacrifice.
4. Ash Wednesday
The arrival of Ash Wednesday marks the commencement of Lent, a period of reflection and penance in the Catholic tradition. This day, characterized by the imposition of ashes as a symbol of mortality and repentance, carries direct implications for the dietary practices of observant Catholics. The “catholic fasting meal plan” undergoes a significant transformation on Ash Wednesday, setting the tone for the subsequent forty days. The day becomes more than just a marker on the calendar; it serves as an initial commitment, a pledge to embrace self-discipline through consciously restricted eating.
Imagine a young woman, perhaps named Clara, who traditionally began the day with a hearty breakfast. On Ash Wednesday, Clara intentionally modifies this routine. Instead of her usual fare, she opts for a simple bowl of oatmeal, a tangible reminder of the sacrifices to come. Her decision mirrors countless others who reduce their portions and abstain from meat, recognizing that Ash Wednesday necessitates a shift in focus, from physical indulgence to spiritual enrichment. A carefully conceived structure helps Clara and others to make such tangible sacrifices. Many devote time and energy toward assisting those with genuine physical hunger. Ash Wednesday serves as the call to serve those in need.
This conscious adherence to a simplified “catholic fasting meal plan” on Ash Wednesday serves multiple purposes. It fosters a sense of communal solidarity, uniting believers in a shared act of penance. It encourages a mindful awareness of one’s relationship with food, promoting gratitude and discouraging excess. The “catholic fasting meal plan” starts on Ash Wednesday by guiding adherents to a focused forty-day reflection. The challenges encountered during the rest of the Lent are initially embraced on Ash Wednesday. The tone is set. This practice serves to increase reflection, build comminity, and offer devotion to God.
5. Limited Meals
The principle of limited meals forms a cornerstone of the “catholic fasting meal plan,” particularly during specific liturgical seasons like Lent and on designated days of penance. This practice entails reducing the quantity of food consumed in a day, typically to one full meal and two smaller meals, often referred to as “collation.” The implementation of this element reveals a structured approach to self-discipline and spiritual reflection.
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The Structure of Restriction
Limited meals within the guiding plan provides a framework. It establishes clear boundaries regarding food intake, prompting individuals to make conscious choices about when and how much they eat. One example might involve a parishioner, a Mrs. Eleanor, who carefully divides her daily sustenance into a modest lunch, a light breakfast, and a similarly restrained dinner. This structured approach moves followers of the Catholic faith from mindless consumption and toward intention.
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Intentional Consumption and Reflection
The act of limiting meals encourages a more intentional relationship with food. Rather than consuming impulsively, individuals are compelled to consider the nutritional value and spiritual significance of each meal. Consider the story of Thomas, a college student, who, when adhering to the guidelines, finds himself more focused during his studies, attributing it to a heightened sense of awareness and gratitude for the sustenance he receives. Eating mindfully can cause adherents to reflect on the suffering and physical needs of the poor.
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Balancing Restriction and Sustenance
Adherence to the requirements involves a delicate balance between limiting food intake and maintaining adequate nutrition. Adherents take care to ensure that even reduced meals provide the necessary nutrients to sustain their physical and mental well-being. Stories abound of families who meticulously plan their meals to include protein-rich foods and essential vitamins, demonstrating that religious observance and nutritional health need not be mutually exclusive. They are united with meal planning.
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Spiritual Discipline and Sacrifice
The practice underscores the themes of self-denial and sacrifice. By voluntarily limiting their food intake, individuals actively engage in an act of penance, offering up their discomfort as a form of prayer and devotion. Father Michael recalls a parishioner, a seasoned farmer, who willingly sacrificed the abundance of his harvest during Lent, embracing a simpler diet as a way to connect with his faith on a deeper level. The act serves as one of the many trials adherents undertake throughout the liturgical year.
These facets highlight the integral role of limited meals within the. It is a structured approach to self-discipline and spiritual reflection. Stories and examples illuminate how individuals can embrace this practice as a means of fostering a deeper connection with their faith and cultivating a more mindful relationship with food.
6. Allowed Foods
The determination of permissible food items during periods of fasting stands as a cornerstone of any workable structure. The very nature of these guidelines hinges upon an understanding of what may be consumed without violating the spirit and letter of religious observance. It is within this framework of “allowed foods” that a useful is constructed.
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The Bounty of the Sea
Seafood, in its diverse forms, often occupies a prominent position on the list of permissible items. This stems from a long-held interpretation that fish, unlike warm-blooded animals, does not constitute “meat” in the traditional sense. Picture Mrs. Petrov, a devout widow, carefully selecting cod fillets at the market each Friday during Lent, a ritual that connects her to generations of Catholics who have similarly relied on the bounty of the sea. These are the acceptable staples.
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The Earth’s Generosity: Vegetables and Fruits
The plant kingdom offers an unrestricted array of options. Vegetables and fruits provide sustenance and variety while adhering to the principles of abstinence. Recall the community garden tended by parishioners, its rows brimming with leafy greens and vibrant tomatoes, all destined to grace tables during times of religious observance. The earth continues to provide throughout the year.
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Grains and Legumes: The Foundation of Sustenance
Rice, wheat, beans, and lentils offer substance and nutritional value, forming the basis of many meals. Consider the simple yet nourishing lentil soup prepared by Sister Agnes each Ash Wednesday, a dish that sustains both body and soul as the community embarks on its Lenten journey. Grains and legumes offer both health and adherence to guidelines.
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Eggs and Dairy: A Matter of Interpretation
The inclusion of eggs and dairy often hinges on individual interpretation and specific guidelines. While generally permitted, some may choose to abstain from these as an additional act of penance. Envision old Mr. Grumbacher explaining to his eager grandchildren that while eggs are allowed, he’s choosing to forgo them this Lent, a small sacrifice made in honor of his faith. The understanding and observance of Lent is a deeply personal one.
Ultimately, the selection of “allowed foods” provides the building blocks from which the adherent constructs his or her particular. These choices reflect both adherence to religious dictates and personal expressions of faith. These choices all help the faithful grow closer to God.
7. Prayer and Reflection
The Catholic understanding of fasting extends far beyond mere dietary restriction. Indeed, the disciplined consumption outlined in a “catholic fasting meal plan” gains its true significance when interwoven with sincere prayer and profound reflection. The empty plate, the simplified meal, becomes a call to turn inward, to examine the soul, and to connect with the Divine. The meal is not the point of Catholic fasting. Instead, the meal is a tool.
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The Dinner Bell as a Call to Prayer
Traditionally, monastic communities integrated work and devotion seamlessly. The tolling of the dinner bell not only signaled a time for sustenance but also served as a reminder to offer gratitude and seek God’s grace. A “catholic fasting meal plan” in this context mirrors this rhythm, its simplicity prompting a pause, a moment of introspection before nourishment. Consider the novice monk, Brother Thomas, who found that the plain meal fueled not only his body but also his spirit, preparing him for the hours of prayer and contemplation ahead. The plain meal itself is secondary to the prayerful consideration it provides.
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The Examination of Conscience at the Empty Plate
The act of fasting, of adhering to a “catholic fasting meal plan,” can reveal much about one’s interior life. Are cravings overpowering? Does the absence of certain foods lead to irritability or resentment? These questions, posed in the quiet of prayer, provide an opportunity for self-examination and growth. Sister Agnes, in her Lenten journal, confessed to a surprising attachment to sugary treats. Her decision to forgo them became a daily exercise in humility and surrender. The discipline of the fasting process can teach deep and intimate spiritual lessons.
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Almsgiving and Solidarity in Prayer
The financial savings derived from simplified meals can be purposefully directed toward charitable causes. This act of almsgiving, coupled with prayerful reflection on the needs of others, transforms the “catholic fasting meal plan” from a personal exercise into a communal expression of solidarity. Mr. OMalley, inspired by the plight of refugees, chose to donate the money he saved from his Lenten fast to a relief organization, praying for their well-being each time he sat down to a smaller meal. This is the active extension of spiritual discipline into practical goodness.
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Finding God in the Mundane
Even the seemingly mundane act of preparing a simple meal, guided by the principles of a “catholic fasting meal plan,” can become an opportunity for prayer and reflection. Chopping vegetables, washing dishes, setting the table these actions, performed with intention and gratitude, transform the kitchen into a sanctuary. Maria, a busy mother of four, found that these moments of quiet culinary activity allowed her to center herself amidst the chaos of family life, offering a silent prayer for each member as she prepared their simple fare. The mindful act can make even chores into worship.
Therefore, while the structure provided in a “catholic fasting meal plan” offers clear dietary guidelines, its true value lies in its ability to prompt prayer, inspire reflection, and deepen ones connection with God and with the broader human community. The plan becomes merely a blueprint. The faith comes from the heart.
8. Spiritual Discipline
The pursuit of spiritual discipline in the Catholic tradition often manifests in tangible ways, and among the most enduring is the adherence to prescribed dietary guidelines, formalized in a “catholic fasting meal plan.” The commitment goes far beyond mere abstention. It is the adoption of practices that cultivate inner strength, foster self-control, and deepen the relationship with God. These dietary regulations become instruments of spiritual growth, demanding intentionality and offering opportunities for profound reflection.
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The Training of the Will
A “catholic fasting meal plan” serves as a rigorous training ground for the will. By deliberately denying oneself certain foods, particularly during Lent, individuals learn to master their desires, resisting impulsive cravings and strengthening their capacity for self-control. Consider the story of a monastery in rural France, where generations of monks have begun each day with simple fare, their “catholic fasting meal plan” a constant reminder that the body must be subjected to the spirit, not the other way around. This rigorous training strengthens not only their physical but also their moral resolve.
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Cultivating Mindfulness and Gratitude
When food becomes a matter of careful consideration rather than casual consumption, the practice invites a heightened sense of awareness. A carefully constructed invites mindfulness, compelling its adherents to savor each bite, to recognize the blessings of provision, and to appreciate the interconnectedness of creation. A parish in Mexico City created a community garden from which adherents would gather the vegetables allowed during Lent. The connection to the earth and each other transformed adherents to a greater understanding of their responsibility as stewards.
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Empathy and Solidarity with the Suffering
The voluntary deprivation inherent in the practices outlined in the document can become a powerful catalyst for empathy, fostering a deeper connection with those who suffer from hunger and deprivation. By intentionally experiencing a form of scarcity, adherents are prompted to consider the plight of the less fortunate, motivating them to acts of charity and justice. A group of high school students in Boston committed to a simple eating plan for the entire Lent and donated the money saved to their local food bank. The discomfort they experienced brought to life their reading and education of the plight of the poor.
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Spiritual Cleansing and Renewal
The simplicity and purity promoted can act as a form of spiritual cleansing, clearing away the clutter of worldly desires and creating space for a deeper connection with God. The act of abstaining from certain foods becomes a symbolic purification, allowing the spirit to be renewed and strengthened. Consider the story of a woman in Rome, who used a “catholic fasting meal plan” to create a greater awareness of the presence of God in her life and give her strength to overcome a significant life change. The simple act of denying herself to grow closer to God had a significant impact.
These varied facets illustrate that the adherence to these meal plans is not simply a set of dietary restrictions but a means of actively pursuing spiritual transformation. Through discipline, mindfulness, empathy, and purification, individuals strive to align their lives more closely with the teachings of the Gospel, finding that the path to God often begins with the choices made at the table.
Frequently Asked Questions about Catholic Fasting Meal Plans
Questions often arise concerning the intricacies of adhering to established guidelines. These frequently asked questions seek to clarify common points of confusion surrounding this practice.
Question 1: What constitutes a complete departure from the requirements of a carefully crafted meal plan during Lent?
Consider the tale of young Thomas, raised in a devout family. During his first Lent away at university, the pressures of social life and late-night study sessions led him to regularly indulge in prohibited foods, rationalizing his choices as necessary for academic success. Thomas, upon reflection, realized he had missed the point, seeing the period as merely a dietary restriction rather than an opportunity for spiritual growth. A complete departure involves not merely the consumption of forbidden items, but a rejection of the underlying spirit of sacrifice and reflection.
Question 2: Are deviations from meal planning requirements permissible under certain circumstances, such as medical necessity or demanding physical labor?
The story of elderly Mrs. Garcia provides insight. A lifelong adherent to Catholic traditions, she found herself weakened by illness during Lent. Her physician advised her to consume more protein than the usual restrictions allowed. Mrs. Garcia consulted her parish priest, who affirmed that health concerns supersede strict adherence to the practices. Prudence and pastoral guidance suggest that physical well-being takes precedence when strict adherence poses a genuine risk.
Question 3: How does one effectively balance adherence to the Catholic traditions while ensuring adequate nutrition, especially for individuals with specific dietary needs?
Maria, a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes, faced this challenge. Guided by her doctor and a knowledgeable religious advisor, she crafted a meal plan that incorporated lean proteins, complex carbohydrates, and permitted vegetables, ensuring both her health and her spiritual commitment. Balancing the meal plans with dietary considerations requires careful planning, informed choices, and, when necessary, consultation with healthcare professionals and religious leaders.
Question 4: Is it permissible to partake in social events where adherence to the requirements may be difficult, such as weddings or business lunches?
Consider the experience of Mr. Chen, a devout businessman. Invited to a crucial client lunch during Lent, he informed his hosts in advance of his dietary restrictions, suggesting alternative menu options. When faced with limited choices, he selected the most appropriate dish available, offering a silent prayer of gratitude and maintaining his commitment to the spirit, if not the exact letter, of the guidelines. Tact, transparency, and a focus on the underlying purpose often allow navigation of social situations with grace and integrity.
Question 5: What role does personal intention play in the efficacy of adhering to the guidelines and how does one cultivate a sincere desire for spiritual growth during this time?
Young Isabella, initially driven by a sense of obligation, found her Lenten observations to be hollow and unsatisfying. After reflection and conversations with her spiritual mentor, she reframed her approach, focusing on acts of service and prayer. The simple meal plan, then, became a backdrop for genuine transformation. Sincere intention, fueled by prayer and reflection, elevates the physical act of adherence into a meaningful expression of faith.
Question 6: How does one address feelings of frustration or failure when struggling to maintain adherence to the provisions?
Old John had attempted a very ambitious plan of fasting, prayer, and service. The plan proved to be too difficult, and John became frustrated by the fact he had failed. John turned to his priest who encouraged him to adopt a more sustainable prayer and service schedule. Remember, Catholicism is about an abiding commitment to a life of faith. Strive to do better, and trust God will meet adherents where they are.
These frequently asked questions illustrate the nuanced nature of adhering to Catholic traditions. While strict adherence is valued, the underlying spirit of sacrifice, reflection, and devotion remains paramount.
The subsequent section will delve into practical strategies for implementing these dietary adjustments in daily life.
Tips for Catholic Fasting Meal Plan
Successfully navigating a period of religious observance, particularly one involving dietary adjustments, requires careful planning and mindful execution. These suggestions offer practical guidance for adhering to a disciplined structure, drawing upon the experiences of individuals who have successfully integrated faith and food.
Tip 1: Plan Meals in Advance. Mrs. Eleanor, a seasoned practitioner of Lenten disciplines, dedicates time each week to carefully map out her meals, accounting for both nutritional needs and religious obligations. Her foresight prevents impulsive choices and ensures adherence to the prescribed guidelines. Every Sunday, she sits down to make a menu for the following week.
Tip 2: Explore Creative Alternatives. The absence of certain foods, such as meat, can spur culinary innovation. Consider the story of Father Michael, who, with the help of his parishioners, compiled a cookbook filled with vegetarian and pescatarian recipes, transforming potential limitations into opportunities for gastronomic discovery. The church cookbook became a cherished resource for the community.
Tip 3: Embrace Simplicity. Elaborate preparations are often counterproductive to the spirit of penance. The tale of a monastery in rural France underscores the value of uncomplicated fare, emphasizing the spiritual significance of nourishment over the allure of indulgence. Meals at the monastery were simple, nourishing, and an important element of their faith.
Tip 4: Seek Support from the Community. The shared experience of religious observance fosters a sense of solidarity and mutual encouragement. Maria found strength in attending weekly Lenten gatherings at her parish, where she could exchange recipes, share challenges, and draw inspiration from fellow adherents. A small group gathered each week to support one another through Lenten challenges.
Tip 5: Prioritize Prayer and Reflection. Thomas found the most important was the combination of a devotional life and the plan. The meal structure became a guide as the spiritual practices strengthened the foundation for meaningful observance.
Tip 6: Remain Flexible and Compassionate. The path of religious observance is rarely without its stumbles. Mrs. Eleanor, recalling moments of weakness, emphasized the importance of self-compassion, viewing occasional lapses not as failures but as opportunities for renewed commitment. Kindness toward oneself is necessary.
These suggestions emphasize the need for a structured approach, culinary creativity, community support, and a focus on the spiritual dimension of the experience. Successfully integrating faith and food necessitates a commitment to both physical and spiritual well-being.
The subsequent section will address the benefits of successfully incorporating such disciplines into daily life.
Catholic Fasting Meal Plan
The preceding exploration has illuminated the multi-faceted nature of a “catholic fasting meal plan.” It is more than just a diet; it’s a structured approach to spiritual discipline, interwoven with the liturgical calendar and infused with centuries of tradition. From the Lenten observance to specified Fridays, the guidelines governing permitted foods and the reduction of meals serve as tangible expressions of faith. Prayer, reflection, and community support act as vital complements, elevating the act of abstinence to a higher plane.
Old Thomas, on his deathbed, recounted his years of adhering to the fasting traditions, not as a burden, but as a series of stepping stones leading to a closer relationship with God. His life, marked by quiet service and unwavering faith, stood as a testament to the transformative power of a “catholic fasting meal plan” embraced with sincere intention. May this be a call to embrace these traditions not as a restriction, but as a catalyst for spiritual growth, a way to deepen devotion and draw closer to the Divine. The table, after all, is where we are often closest to one another.
