Latest News: Glacier National Park 2025 Reservation Entry


Latest News: Glacier National Park 2025 Reservation Entry

Glacier National Park will continue its use of a reservation system designed to manage visitor traffic and alleviate congestion within the park’s most popular corridors. This strategy, which requires individuals to secure advance reservations for vehicle entry during peak seasons, seeks to distribute visitation more evenly throughout the day and across different areas of the park.

The implementation of such a system is predicated on several factors, including increasing visitor numbers, limited parking capacity within key areas like the Going-to-the-Sun Road, and the desire to protect the park’s natural resources from overuse. This approach aims to enhance the visitor experience by reducing wait times, improving safety, and preserving the park’s scenic beauty for future generations. The park has experimented with reservation systems in recent years and the lessons learned from those experiences inform the current strategy.

The upcoming season will see adjustments based on prior experiences and visitor feedback. Further details regarding the reservation process, affected areas, dates, and any potential exemptions will be released by the National Park Service. Visitors planning to explore Glacier National Park should consult the official park website for the most up-to-date information and reservation requirements before their visit.

1. Peak Season Control

The relationship between peak season control and Glacier National Park’s implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations for 2025 is one of direct cause and effect. The burgeoning crowds that descend upon the park during the summer months, particularly along the iconic Going-to-the-Sun Road, have pushed visitation beyond sustainable levels. Parking lots overflow, traffic snarls, and the natural quietude that defines the park is replaced by a cacophony of human activity. This uncontrolled influx threatens not only the visitor experience but also the delicate ecosystems within the park’s boundaries. Therefore, peak season control, in the form of regulated vehicle entry, emerges as a necessary intervention.

Timed entry vehicle reservations are the mechanism through which Glacier National Park intends to exert peak season control. By limiting the number of vehicles entering specific areas during the busiest times of day, the park aims to alleviate congestion, reduce parking scarcity, and disperse visitors more evenly across the landscape. A real-life example illustrates the significance of this control: without it, the Going-to-the-Sun Road can transform into a miles-long traffic jam, diminishing the opportunity for visitors to appreciate the scenery and potentially delaying emergency services. With reservations, the flow of traffic is managed, enhancing the experience and ensuring smoother operations.

In summary, peak season control is the impetus behind Glacier National Parks vehicle reservation system. Successfully implementing this system, and achieving effective peak season control, presents its own set of challenges, including visitor frustration with reservation requirements and the potential for unequal access. However, these challenges are weighed against the imperative of protecting Glacier’s resources and providing a higher-quality visitor experience. The 2025 implementation, therefore, represents a balancing act a conscious effort to manage visitation while preserving the park’s natural and cultural heritage.

2. Visitor Capacity Limits

The story of Glacier National Park in recent years is, in part, a narrative of limits. The soaring peaks, the turquoise lakes, the ancient forests all finite. As visitation surged, exceeding the physical and ecological thresholds, a reckoning became unavoidable. The park faced a stark choice: manage the influx or risk the very qualities that drew people there in the first place. Thus, the concept of “Visitor Capacity Limits” emerged, not as an abstract policy, but as a critical intervention. The decision to implement timed entry vehicle reservations for 2025 is a direct consequence of wrestling with these limits.

  • Protecting Natural Resources

    Glacier’s ecosystems are particularly vulnerable. Increased foot traffic leads to soil erosion, disturbance of wildlife habitats, and pollution of waterways. Visitor Capacity Limits, enforced through the reservation system, aim to reduce these impacts. For instance, limiting vehicles on the Going-to-the-Sun Road reduces exhaust emissions and protects sensitive alpine meadows from trampling. Without these limits, the park faces irreversible environmental damage.

  • Ensuring Public Safety

    Overcrowding creates safety hazards. Packed trails increase the risk of accidents, delayed emergency response times, and challenges for search and rescue operations. Visitor Capacity Limits address this by maintaining manageable numbers of people in popular areas. A real-world example is the reduction in traffic congestion, which allows emergency vehicles quicker access to injured hikers.

  • Preserving the Visitor Experience

    The solitude and tranquility that many seek in a national park are eroded by excessive crowds. Visitor Capacity Limits seek to recapture a sense of serenity and allow visitors to connect more deeply with the natural environment. Instead of battling for parking spots or navigating packed trails, visitors can have a more immersive and fulfilling experience. For example, a timed entry reservation guarantees access, reducing stress and allowing visitors to enjoy the park at their own pace.

  • Infrastructure Constraints

    Glacier’s infrastructure roads, parking lots, restrooms was not designed to accommodate the current volume of visitors. Visitor Capacity Limits help to alleviate strain on these resources. By limiting the number of vehicles, the park can ensure that existing facilities are not overwhelmed and that resources are available for maintenance and upgrades. This proactive management prevents the deterioration of vital infrastructure, ensuring its longevity for future generations.

Each facet of “Visitor Capacity Limits” from safeguarding natural resources to enhancing visitor experience reinforces the necessity of the 2025 timed entry vehicle reservation system. While the system may present inconveniences, it represents a conscious effort to protect Glacier National Park’s long-term health and ensure that future generations can experience its wonders. The story of Glacier is, ultimately, a story of stewardship, balancing human access with environmental preservation.

3. Going-to-the-Sun Road

The Going-to-the-Sun Road is more than just a scenic byway; it is the heart of Glacier National Park, a ribbon of asphalt threading through some of the most dramatic landscapes in North America. Its very existence, however, has become intertwined with a growing challenge: how to share this unparalleled beauty without overwhelming it. The decision regarding Glacier National Park implementing timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025 cannot be fully understood without acknowledging the pivotal role played by this iconic road.

  • A Corridor of Congestion

    During peak season, the Going-to-the-Sun Road transforms from a pathway to wonder into a corridor of congestion. Vehicles line up for miles, parking lots overflow, and the very experience of immersion in nature is compromised by the sheer volume of human presence. This congestion not only detracts from the visitor experience but also poses a threat to the fragile alpine ecosystems that border the road. The timed entry vehicle reservation system aims to alleviate this congestion by limiting the number of vehicles accessing the road during peak hours. A real-world example of this is the difficulty in accessing popular trailheads during the summer months, often requiring visitors to arrive before dawn to secure a parking spot. With the reservation system, a guaranteed entry time reduces the need for such extreme measures.

  • A Balancing Act of Access and Preservation

    The Park Service faces a continuous balancing act: providing access to the park’s treasures while simultaneously preserving its natural integrity. The Going-to-the-Sun Road, as the primary artery of visitation, presents a particular challenge. The timed entry system is a tool to help strike this balance, ensuring that the road remains accessible while preventing overuse that could lead to environmental degradation. For instance, limiting vehicles helps to reduce air pollution and protect sensitive vegetation from trampling. Without such measures, the long-term health of the park would be jeopardized.

  • A Catalyst for Planning and Preparation

    The reservation system inherently shifts the onus towards advance planning and preparation. Spontaneous drives along the Going-to-the-Sun Road become less feasible, replaced by a need to secure reservations well in advance of a visit. This requirement, while potentially inconvenient for some, encourages visitors to engage more deeply with the park’s resources, learning about available activities, trail conditions, and potential hazards before arriving. For example, visitors might research alternative transportation options, such as the park’s shuttle system, which reduces vehicle traffic and offers a sustainable way to explore the road. This shift towards proactive planning ultimately enhances the visitor experience.

  • A Laboratory for Adaptive Management

    The implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations is not a static solution but rather an ongoing experiment in adaptive management. The Park Service monitors the effects of the system, collects visitor feedback, and makes adjustments as needed. The lessons learned from the Going-to-the-Sun Road are then applied to other areas of the park, as well as to other national parks facing similar challenges. For instance, data on traffic flow, parking utilization, and visitor satisfaction is used to refine the reservation system, ensuring that it is as effective and equitable as possible. This iterative approach allows the Park Service to continuously improve its management strategies and respond to changing conditions.

In essence, the Going-to-the-Sun Road serves as both the reason for and the testing ground for Glacier National Park implementing timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025. It is a microcosm of the broader challenges facing national parks across the country: how to balance the desire for access with the imperative of preservation. The timed entry system represents a deliberate attempt to navigate this complex terrain, ensuring that future generations can experience the wonder of this iconic road without compromising the integrity of the park itself.

4. Reservation System Details

The year is 2025. Glacier National Park’s landscape of soaring peaks and pristine lakes remains timeless, but the means of accessing it has fundamentally shifted. The narrative of that shift is etched in the “Reservation System Details”a complex web of rules, procedures, and technologies underpinning Glacier’s commitment to managing its burgeoning popularity. This system is not merely a bureaucratic hurdle; it’s the operational backbone of Glacier National Park implementing timed entry vehicle reservations, the mechanism by which the park attempts to reconcile its natural grandeur with the pressures of visitation. Without a clear grasp of these details, the park’s grand vision risks collapsing into logistical chaos.

Imagine a family traveling from afar, their dreams of witnessing the sunrise over Lake McDonald dashed against the rocks of an unanticipated requirement. Or consider a seasoned hiker, arriving at a trailhead only to be turned away due to a lack of available slots. These scenarios, far from being hypothetical, underscore the practical significance of understanding the Reservation System Details. The system’s nuancesthe specific areas requiring reservations, the timeframe for booking, the technological platform used, the policies on cancellations and modifications, the existence of any exemptionsdirectly dictate who gains access and who does not. The success of Glacier’s endeavor hinges on the transparency and accessibility of this information. Furthermore, “Reservation System Details” provides park managers the opportunity to collect data, enabling adaptive management. They can analyze reservation patterns, identify peak demand periods, and assess the impact of the system on visitor behavior and resource protection. This data-driven approach enables course correction, refinement, and a more effective approach to managing park visitation.

Ultimately, the “Reservation System Details” are not an end in themselves but a means to a larger goal: preserving Glacier National Park’s ecological integrity and ensuring a high-quality visitor experience. Challenges undoubtedly remainensuring equitable access for all, addressing technological limitations, and adapting to unforeseen circumstancesbut the commitment to transparency and continuous improvement will determine whether Glacier can successfully navigate the complexities of managing its popularity while safeguarding its timeless beauty. The devil, as they say, is in the details, and in this case, those details will dictate the future of Glacier National Park.

5. Environmental Protection Goal

At its heart, any decision regarding the management of Glacier National Park rests upon a foundational commitment: the Environmental Protection Goal. This objective is not merely a line item in a strategic plan; it is the bedrock upon which all policies, including the implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025, must stand. Without a clear and unwavering dedication to safeguarding the park’s ecological integrity, any attempt to manage visitation risks becoming a self-defeating exercise.

  • Mitigating Pollution and Emissions

    The unchecked flow of vehicles into Glacier National Park contributes significantly to air and noise pollution, impacting both wildlife and the visitor experience. Timed entry vehicle reservations are designed to reduce the volume of traffic, thereby lessening emissions and mitigating the harmful effects of pollutants on the park’s delicate ecosystems. For instance, reduced traffic along the Going-to-the-Sun Road translates to cleaner air and a quieter environment, allowing visitors to more fully appreciate the natural soundscape. This facet directly addresses the Environmental Protection Goal by minimizing the park’s carbon footprint and preserving air quality.

  • Preserving Biodiversity and Habitat

    Unfettered visitation can disrupt wildlife habitats, leading to displacement, stress, and even mortality among animal populations. The Environmental Protection Goal necessitates minimizing human encroachment on sensitive areas. Timed entry vehicle reservations help achieve this by concentrating visitation in designated zones and reducing the likelihood of human-wildlife conflict. For example, controlled access to popular trailheads helps protect nesting sites and foraging areas, ensuring the long-term health and viability of Glacier’s diverse fauna. This proactive approach is crucial for maintaining the park’s biodiversity.

  • Reducing Erosion and Resource Degradation

    Excessive foot traffic and vehicle congestion contribute to soil erosion, damage to vegetation, and degradation of water resources. The Environmental Protection Goal demands measures to mitigate these impacts. Timed entry vehicle reservations help by dispersing visitors more evenly across the park, reducing the concentration of activity in vulnerable areas. By managing the volume of traffic, the park can protect its trails, meadows, and waterways from overuse, preserving their integrity for future generations. This preventative approach is essential for maintaining the park’s aesthetic and ecological value.

  • Promoting Sustainable Tourism Practices

    The Environmental Protection Goal encompasses a commitment to sustainable tourism practices that minimize the negative impacts of visitation while maximizing the benefits for the local economy and community. Timed entry vehicle reservations can incentivize visitors to explore alternative transportation options, such as the park’s shuttle system, or to visit during off-peak seasons. By promoting a more balanced distribution of visitation, the park can reduce its environmental footprint and foster a more responsible and sustainable approach to tourism. This holistic perspective is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of Glacier National Park as both a natural treasure and a destination for visitors from around the world.

Each of these facets underscores the fundamental connection between the Environmental Protection Goal and Glacier National Park implementing timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025. The reservation system is not merely a tool for managing crowds; it is a critical component of a broader strategy to safeguard the park’s ecological integrity and ensure its long-term sustainability. The success of this strategy hinges on a continued commitment to the Environmental Protection Goal and a willingness to adapt and evolve as new challenges and opportunities arise.

6. Improved Visitor Experience

The concept of an “Improved Visitor Experience” serves as both a justification and a desired outcome for the implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations at Glacier National Park in 2025. It is the promise held out to those who might chafe at the added layer of planning and potential inconvenience that a reservation system entails. But what does this “improved experience” actually look like, and how does it connect to the realities of a park grappling with ever-increasing visitation?

  • Reduced Congestion and Crowds

    Imagine a drive along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, not as a bumper-to-bumper crawl, but as a leisurely journey, opportunities abounding for spontaneous stops at scenic overlooks. Imagine trailheads not packed to overflowing, allowing for a more solitary communion with nature. The promise of reduced congestion is a cornerstone of the “Improved Visitor Experience.” By limiting the number of vehicles entering the park, the reservation system aims to thin the crowds, creating a more tranquil and less stressful environment for all. This, in turn, allows visitors to spend more time enjoying the park’s natural beauty and less time battling traffic and jockeying for parking spaces.

  • Enhanced Safety and Security

    Overcrowding not only diminishes the visitor experience but also poses safety risks. Packed trails increase the likelihood of accidents, and congested roadways impede emergency response times. An “Improved Visitor Experience” includes a commitment to enhanced safety and security. By managing the flow of visitors, the reservation system helps to ensure that emergency services can access all areas of the park in a timely manner and that trails remain manageable for hikers of all abilities. Reduced congestion also minimizes the risk of vehicle accidents, creating a safer environment for both visitors and wildlife.

  • Greater Accessibility and Predictability

    The irony of a popular destination is that its popularity can render it inaccessible. The promise of a “guaranteed entry” is a key component of an “Improved Visitor Experience.” No longer will visitors need to arrive before dawn, hoping to secure a parking spot, or spend hours in traffic, uncertain of whether they will even be able to access their desired destination. The reservation system provides a level of predictability, allowing visitors to plan their trips with greater confidence and certainty. This is particularly beneficial for those traveling long distances or with limited time, as it minimizes the risk of disappointment and maximizes the opportunity to enjoy the park.

  • More Opportunities for Spontaneity

    While a reservation system might seem antithetical to spontaneity, it can actually create more opportunities for it. With the certainty of access secured, visitors are freed from the stress of battling crowds and can focus on discovering hidden gems and pursuing unexpected adventures. An “Improved Visitor Experience” is not about eliminating spontaneity altogether, but rather about channeling it into more meaningful and rewarding experiences. Knowing that access is guaranteed allows visitors to relax and embrace the unexpected, whether it’s a chance encounter with wildlife or a spur-of-the-moment detour to a lesser-known trail.

The “Improved Visitor Experience” is not a static concept but a dynamic goal, one that will require ongoing adaptation and refinement. The success of the timed entry vehicle reservation system will depend on its ability to deliver on its promise: to create a more enjoyable, safe, and accessible experience for all who seek to explore the wonders of Glacier National Park. The story of Glacier in 2025 will be written in the experiences of its visitors, and whether they find themselves enriched, frustrated, or somewhere in between will determine the true legacy of this ambitious undertaking.

7. Advance Planning Required

The year is not far off: 2025. Glacier National Park, a jewel of the American landscape, stands ready to greet visitors, but with a critical caveat. No longer can one simply arrive at its gates, spurred by whim, and expect seamless passage. A new era dawns, inextricably linked to “Advance Planning Required.” The timed entry vehicle reservation system necessitates a deliberate, proactive approach to experiencing the park. This shift marks a profound change in the visitor’s relationship with Glacier, transforming it from a destination of spontaneous exploration to one demanding meticulous preparation. The connection between these two elements is not merely coincidental; it is a deliberate design, a recognition that the park’s fragile beauty can only be sustained through thoughtful management.

The implications of “Advance Planning Required” are far-reaching. Consider a family from the Midwest, meticulously charting their summer vacation. In years past, Glacier might have been a flexible addition, a last-minute detour. Now, it becomes a focal point around which the entire trip is structured. Reservations must be secured months in advance, lodging booked, and itineraries carefully crafted to align with the allotted entry times. This demand for planning extends beyond logistics; it necessitates a deeper engagement with the park itself. Visitors are compelled to research trails, understand permit requirements, and familiarize themselves with the Leave No Trace principles. The spontaneous road trip is replaced by a curated experience, one shaped by intention and foresight. One real-life example highlights this: Visitors failing to plan well ahead find themselves locked out of their preferred zones, leading to frustration and resentment. This reinforces the necessity of understanding the park’s protocols.

While “Advance Planning Required” may present initial hurdles, it ultimately aims to foster a more sustainable and enriching experience. By managing the flow of visitors, the reservation system protects the park’s fragile ecosystems and enhances the quality of each individual’s visit. There are challenges, of course: ensuring equitable access for all, mitigating technological barriers, and adapting to unforeseen circumstances. Yet, at its core, the system represents a conscious effort to preserve Glacier’s legacy for future generations. It is a recognition that the privilege of experiencing such natural grandeur comes with a responsibility to plan, prepare, and protect. The story of Glacier in 2025 will be one of mindful exploration, a testament to the power of “Advance Planning Required” in safeguarding a national treasure.

Frequently Asked Questions

The following addresses common inquiries regarding the new timed entry vehicle reservation system coming to Glacier National Park in 2025. These questions seek to clarify the rationale, mechanics, and potential impact of this significant change.

Question 1: Why has Glacier National Park found it necessary to implement a timed entry vehicle reservation system?

The story of Glacier’s rising popularity is one of triumphs tempered by growing pains. Visitation numbers have surged in recent years, straining infrastructure, congesting roadways, and impacting the park’s fragile ecosystems. Without intervention, this trajectory threatened the very qualities that drew people to Glacier in the first place. The timed entry system emerged as a necessary step to manage visitation, reduce congestion, and protect the park’s resources.

Question 2: Which areas of Glacier National Park will require reservations in 2025?

The initial focus will likely remain on the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, the park’s most popular and heavily trafficked area. Specific boundaries and potential extensions to other zones will be determined based on ongoing assessments of visitor patterns and environmental impact. Park authorities will release updated maps and guidelines well in advance of the 2025 season.

Question 3: How far in advance must reservations be made, and what is the process?

Experience suggests that reservations will open months in advance of the peak season, likely through an online platform. A lottery system or timed release of permits is possible, designed to ensure fair access. Details on the exact dates, procedures, and online portals will be published on the official National Park Service website. Proactive planning is strongly advised.

Question 4: Are there any exemptions to the reservation requirement?

Certain exceptions may exist for visitors with lodging reservations within the park, those participating in guided tours, or individuals accessing specific trailheads outside the core hours. However, these exemptions are subject to change and will be clearly outlined in the official park regulations. Compliance with these guidelines is essential.

Question 5: What happens if a visitor arrives at Glacier National Park without a reservation?

Those without a valid reservation may be denied entry to the affected areas during peak hours. Alternative options may include exploring areas of the park not subject to the reservation system, utilizing the park’s shuttle system, or returning at off-peak times. Flexibility and willingness to adapt are crucial for those without advance reservations.

Question 6: How will the timed entry system be monitored and evaluated, and what recourse exists for those who encounter difficulties?

The National Park Service will continuously monitor the effectiveness of the reservation system through data collection, visitor feedback, and environmental assessments. Adjustments will be made as needed to optimize the system’s performance and address any unforeseen challenges. Avenues for providing feedback and addressing concerns will be clearly communicated to the public.

In essence, the implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025 represents a significant step towards balancing access and preservation at Glacier National Park. A commitment to advance planning, understanding the system’s intricacies, and respecting park regulations will be crucial for ensuring a positive and sustainable visitor experience.

The next section will explore the potential challenges and opportunities that lie ahead as Glacier National Park navigates this new chapter in its history.

Navigating Glacier’s Future

The winds of change are sweeping through Glacier National Park. As the date for the timed entry vehicle reservation system draws closer, understanding the landscape and planning accordingly becomes paramount. A unprepared traveler risks finding themselves stranded outside the gates, dreams of pristine vistas dissolving into frustration. These tips, forged from the lessons of previous reservation systems and the realities of Glacier’s unique environment, serve as a compass for navigating this new terrain. Learn from those who failed to plan, their tales a cautionary reminder of what lies ahead.

Tip 1: Reserve Early, Reserve Often. The early bird catches the worm, and in this case, the early planner secures a reservation. Demand will be high, and availability limited. Mark calendars, set reminders, and be prepared to act the moment reservations open. Monitor the park’s website relentlessly, as release dates can shift.

Tip 2: Embrace Flexibility. Rigidity is the enemy of the modern traveler. Plan multiple entry dates, consider visiting during the shoulder season (spring and fall), and explore less-traveled areas of the park. Those who cling to a single, inflexible plan are most likely to be disappointed. The park offers opportunities for adventure beyond the famed Going-to-the-Sun Road.

Tip 3: Master the Technology. The reservation system will likely rely on an online platform. Familiarize yourself with the interface well in advance. Create an account, test your login credentials, and understand the navigation. Technical glitches can happen, and familiarity will be the greatest asset in navigating them. Technical proficiency becomes almost as vital as having a vehicle.

Tip 4: Leverage Lodging and Tours. Reservations secured through lodging or guided tour participation can unlock access to restricted areas. Explore this option if securing a standalone vehicle reservation proves challenging. It could prove a valuable avenue to bypass reservation hurdles. A guided tour not only ensures entry but also provides additional benefits like expert insights.

Tip 5: Know Your Exemptions. Carefully review the park’s regulations for any potential exemptions. Early morning hikers or those accessing specific trailheads outside peak hours might be exempt. However, be prepared to provide proof of eligibility. Those who are knowledgeable and prepared benefit. Ignorance breeds only disappointment.

Tip 6: The Shuttle System: A Backup and a Benefit The park shuttle system becomes a strategic asset. As parking at trailheads becomes limited, the shuttle grants access and limits the wear and tear on both the park resources and the visitor’s nerves. The shuttle, for some, can become the primary mode of transportation within the park. Check shuttle schedules in advance to prepare.

Tip 7: Stay Informed, Stay Vigilant. The park’s official website is the oracle. Monitor it constantly for updates, changes, and clarifications. Regulations can evolve, and ignorance is no excuse. A planned visit also benefits from regularly checking the status of closures, construction projects, and park alerts. Proactive measures will pay off.

Success in navigating Glacier National Park in 2025 hinges on embracing planning, flexibility, and informed decision-making. Heed these tips, and the experience will be unforgettable. Dismiss them at great personal risk.

As the sun sets on this advice, a new day dawns with a continued reliance on advanced knowledge and flexible adaptation in order to experience Glacier in 2025.

Glacier’s Crossroads

The narrative surrounding Glacier National Park implementing timed entry vehicle reservations in 2025 reaches its culmination. The previous exploration reveals a park at a critical juncture, grappling with the tension between accessibility and preservation. Rising visitor numbers, the fragility of its ecosystems, and the iconic draw of the Going-to-the-Sun Road have forced a difficult decision. The reservation system, explored in detail, represents a conscious effort to manage the flow of visitors, protecting the park’s resources while attempting to maintain a quality visitor experience. Advance planning, flexibility, and a commitment to sustainable practices are now paramount for those seeking to explore Glacier’s wonders.

The implementation of timed entry vehicle reservations is more than just a policy change; it’s a reflection of our evolving relationship with the natural world. The story of Glacier serves as a microcosm for challenges faced by national parks globally: Balancing the desire for public enjoyment with the imperative of environmental stewardship. It calls for responsible, informed engagement, ensuring that these treasured landscapes remain vibrant and accessible for generations to come. The actions taken today will shape the legacy of tomorrow. The future of Glacier depends on it.

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