Makeup Industry Revenue: How Much Per Year? (2024)


Makeup Industry Revenue: How Much Per Year? (2024)

The global cosmetics market, encompassing makeup products, generates substantial annual revenue. This figure reflects the aggregate sales from a wide array of items, including foundation, lipstick, eyeshadow, mascara, and related accessories sold through various retail channels and direct-to-consumer platforms.

The economic significance of this industry extends beyond simple product sales. It influences employment in manufacturing, retail, and marketing, as well as driving innovation in formulation and packaging. Historically, the sector has demonstrated resilience, adapting to evolving consumer preferences and economic fluctuations.

Understanding the financial scale of this global market requires examining key factors such as regional variations in consumer spending, the impact of emerging trends, and the influence of major market players. Further analysis reveals how these elements contribute to the overall monetary value generated annually.

1. Global Sales Volume

The pulse of the cosmetics market, its annual revenue, is inextricably linked to the volume of sales recorded globally. Each compact of foundation, each tube of lipstick, each carefully packaged eyeshadow palette contributes to an immense tally, ultimately defining the financial magnitude of the industry. This aggregate figure provides a tangible measure of consumer demand and the sector’s economic influence.

  • Unit Sales and Aggregate Revenue

    The sheer number of individual cosmetic products sold annually forms the foundation of the industry’s financial valuation. Millions of units move from production lines to retail shelves, each transaction adding to the overall revenue stream. For instance, a global launch of a new foundation, with millions of units sold in its first month, significantly boosts the sales volume and directly impacts the total revenue.

  • Distribution Channels

    The variety of avenues through which cosmetics reach consumersdepartment stores, specialty retailers, online marketplaces, and direct salesall contribute to the global sales volume. A surge in online sales, for example, can elevate the overall volume as consumers increasingly purchase makeup through e-commerce platforms. The efficiency and reach of these channels are crucial in maximizing product accessibility and driving sales.

  • Price Points and Product Mix

    The interplay between product price and the range of items sold shapes the total sales volume. Higher-priced luxury cosmetics contribute more revenue per unit compared to mass-market products. A strategic mix of high-end and affordable items can optimize sales volume by appealing to a wider consumer base. Shifts in consumer preference towards premium products, for example, can increase the average transaction value and, consequently, overall revenue.

  • Geographic Demand

    Regional variations in cosmetic consumption play a significant role in determining global sales volume. High-demand regions, such as North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, account for a substantial portion of the total sales. Economic factors, cultural trends, and demographic shifts within these regions influence purchasing behavior and ultimately impact the overall sales figures. For example, the rising middle class in emerging Asian markets has fueled a surge in demand for cosmetics, boosting the global sales volume.

In summary, global sales volume is not merely a statistic but rather a dynamic reflection of consumer behavior, market trends, and strategic decisions made by cosmetics companies. The comprehensive analysis of unit sales, distribution channels, price points, product mix, and geographic demand provides a clearer understanding of how these individual components coalesce to define the colossal financial footprint of the makeup industry.

2. Market Growth Rate

The annual revenue generated by the cosmetics sector is not a static figure. It is a dynamic metric, inextricably linked to the market’s growth rate. This rate, expressed as a percentage, indicates the expansion or contraction of the industry compared to the previous year. A higher growth rate generally translates to an increase in revenue, while a decline signals potential challenges in the market.

  • Economic Indicators and Consumer Confidence

    The market growth rate often mirrors broader economic trends. Periods of economic prosperity typically correlate with higher consumer confidence and increased spending on discretionary items, including cosmetics. Conversely, economic downturns can lead to decreased consumer spending and a slower growth rate. For example, during a recession, consumers might prioritize essential purchases over luxury cosmetic items, thereby curbing the market’s expansion.

  • Emerging Trends and Product Innovation

    The introduction of innovative products and the emergence of new beauty trends can significantly impact the market growth rate. Groundbreaking formulations, sustainable packaging, or viral beauty challenges on social media can drive consumer interest and boost sales. The “clean beauty” movement, for instance, has spurred the development of new product lines and attracted environmentally conscious consumers, contributing to market growth. Stagnation in product innovation, however, can lead to a slower growth rate as consumers seek novel alternatives.

  • Geographic Expansion and Market Penetration

    The ability of cosmetic companies to expand into new geographic markets and increase their penetration in existing ones directly influences the overall growth rate. Entering untapped markets with high potential, such as emerging economies, can generate substantial revenue and accelerate growth. Successful market penetration involves tailoring products and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs and preferences of local consumers. Failure to adapt to regional nuances can hinder growth prospects and impact overall revenue generation.

  • Competitive Landscape and Market Share

    The intensity of competition within the cosmetics industry also plays a crucial role in determining the market growth rate. The presence of numerous players vying for market share can lead to aggressive pricing strategies, innovative marketing campaigns, and the introduction of new product lines. Companies that can effectively differentiate themselves through superior product quality, brand reputation, or customer service are more likely to capture market share and contribute to overall growth. Increased competition can stimulate market growth, but it can also put pressure on profit margins and necessitate strategic adaptations.

In essence, the market growth rate serves as a critical barometer for the cosmetics industry, reflecting the interplay of economic forces, consumer preferences, product innovation, geographic expansion, and competitive dynamics. A thorough understanding of these factors is essential for assessing the current financial performance of the industry and forecasting its future revenue generation.

3. Regional Variations

The global cosmetics marketplace is a mosaic of cultures, each influencing the financial intake of the industry in unique ways. The aggregate revenue generated is not uniformly distributed across the globe; instead, it fluctuates considerably, reflecting diverse consumer preferences, economic conditions, and cultural norms in different regions.

  • Asia-Pacific’s Ascendancy

    The Asia-Pacific region, encompassing countries like China, Japan, and South Korea, has emerged as a dominant force in the cosmetics market. Fueled by rising disposable incomes, increasing urbanization, and a strong emphasis on beauty ideals, the demand for makeup products has surged. The adoption of K-beauty trends and the popularity of local brands have significantly boosted sales. This region’s growth trajectory directly impacts the worldwide monetary value; its increased consumption elevates the overall financial landscape of the industry.

  • North American Nuances

    North America, while a mature market, continues to be a significant contributor to the industry’s earnings. Trends here are often driven by innovation and inclusivity, with consumers seeking diverse product ranges and brands that cater to varied skin tones and lifestyles. The rise of indie brands and the influence of social media personalities shape purchasing decisions. While the growth rate might be slower compared to emerging markets, the high average spending per consumer ensures that North America remains a key player in the overall revenue equation.

  • European Elegance and Sustainability

    Europe is characterized by a blend of luxury and sustainability, with consumers showing a growing preference for organic and eco-friendly cosmetic products. The demand for high-end brands and the emphasis on ethical sourcing influence market dynamics. The region’s regulatory environment, with stringent standards for cosmetic ingredients, also plays a role in shaping product offerings. The balance between tradition and innovation affects the total sales generated and the kind of products that thrive in the European market.

  • Emerging Markets in Latin America and Africa

    Latin America and Africa represent regions with considerable potential for growth. As disposable incomes rise and urbanization increases, so does the demand for cosmetic products. However, these markets also present unique challenges, including affordability constraints and logistical complexities. The increasing availability of products through online channels and the rise of local brands are transforming the market landscape. The gradual integration of these regions into the global cosmetics market contributes to overall expansion.

In essence, the aggregate financial value of the makeup industry is a patchwork of regional stories. Each area, with its own distinct consumer behavior and economic climate, influences the total sum. The ascendance of Asia-Pacific, the nuances of North America, the elegance of Europe, and the emergence of Latin America and Africa all contribute to the complex calculus that determines “how much the makeup industry makes a year.”

4. Key Product Categories

The financial narrative of the makeup industry is intricately woven with the performance of its key product categories. These categoriesface makeup, eye makeup, lip products, and nail productsare not mere classifications but rather the very engines driving the industry’s multi-billion dollar revenue stream. The success or failure of a particular category directly impacts the overall figure, serving as a bellwether for the health of the market. A surge in demand for foundation, for example, driven by an inclusive range catering to diverse skin tones, ripples through the entire industry, influencing manufacturing, marketing, and ultimately, the annual financial return.

Consider the rise of “clean beauty.” This movement sparked a demand for products formulated with natural and ethically sourced ingredients. Consequently, brands that adapted and innovated within the “face makeup” and “eye makeup” categories, offering consumers safer and more sustainable options, saw a significant uptick in sales. Conversely, brands that clung to traditional formulations faced stagnation, highlighting the critical link between product category performance and overall revenue. The evolving consumer preference forced a recalibration of product development strategies, demonstrating how shifting demands within these categories dictate the financial trajectory of the industry.

In summary, the relationship between key product categories and the industry’s total earnings is one of direct cause and effect. The “makeup industry make a year” is essentially the sum total of the revenues generated by these individual categories. Therefore, understanding consumer behavior within each category, anticipating emerging trends, and innovating accordingly is not merely good business practice; it is the key to unlocking sustained growth and maximizing the industry’s financial potential. The challenge lies in navigating the ever-changing landscape of consumer preferences and adapting product offerings to meet those demands, ensuring that each category continues to contribute positively to the overall revenue figure.

5. Major Player Revenues

The global makeup industry, a financial giant in its own right, owes a significant portion of its vast yearly earnings to a handful of major players. These corporations, with their global reach, extensive product lines, and powerful marketing machinery, exert an outsized influence on the industry’s overall financial performance. Their individual revenues are not merely statistics; they are critical pieces in the intricate puzzle of how much the entire industry generates annually.

  • Dominating Market Share

    A small number of multinational corporations command a substantial percentage of the market share. Consider a hypothetical scenario: if the top five companies each control 10% of the global market, their combined revenue accounts for 50% of the industry’s total. A successful product launch or strategic acquisition by one of these giants can significantly inflate their individual earnings, subsequently boosting the industry’s overall financial figures. Conversely, a misstep, such as a product recall or a marketing blunder, can have the opposite effect, reducing both the company’s earnings and the industry’s total revenue.

  • Brand Recognition and Loyalty

    Major players have cultivated strong brand recognition and customer loyalty over decades, if not centuries. This brand equity translates directly into consistent sales, even during economic downturns. For example, a well-established luxury brand might maintain steady revenue streams due to its loyal customer base, even when consumers are cutting back on discretionary spending. The stability provided by these established brands contributes significantly to the predictability and overall health of the industry’s annual financial performance. New entrants, lacking this established loyalty, often struggle to compete with the financial power of these giants.

  • Research and Development Investments

    The larger companies are better equipped to invest heavily in research and development (R&D). This commitment to innovation fuels the creation of new products and technologies that drive sales and market growth. A breakthrough in skincare science, for instance, could result in a blockbuster anti-aging cream, generating hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue for the company that developed it. These R&D investments not only benefit the individual companies but also advance the entire industry, pushing the boundaries of what is possible and driving consumer excitement.

  • Global Distribution Networks

    Major players possess extensive global distribution networks, enabling them to reach consumers in virtually every corner of the world. This widespread availability ensures that their products are accessible to a vast audience, maximizing sales potential. A company with a presence in both high-end department stores and mass-market retailers has a significant advantage over smaller brands with limited distribution capabilities. These networks allow them to capitalize on regional variations in demand and ensure a steady flow of revenue throughout the year, further solidifying their contribution to the industry’s overall financial picture.

In conclusion, the financial success of major players in the makeup industry is not an isolated phenomenon; it is intrinsically linked to the industry’s total annual revenue. These companies, through their dominance, brand loyalty, R&D investments, and global reach, act as powerful engines, driving the industry forward and shaping its financial trajectory. Understanding their individual contributions is essential to comprehending the full scope and scale of the multi-billion dollar makeup industry.

6. Online Sales Impact

The digital realm has reshaped the financial contours of the makeup industry, its influence as profound as the invention of the mascara wand. E-commerce, once a supplemental revenue stream, now serves as a primary driver, directly impacting the total earnings of the sector. The shift began subtly, with brands establishing online storefronts as extensions of their brick-and-mortar operations. However, as internet penetration deepened and consumer comfort with online transactions increased, a seismic shift occurred. Independent brands, unburdened by the overhead of physical stores, emerged, leveraging social media to bypass traditional marketing channels. This disruption forced established players to adapt, investing heavily in their online presence and omnichannel strategies. The results are quantifiable: a multi-billion dollar surge in revenue directly attributable to online sales, reshaping the very definition of how the industry accrues its annual earnings.

The rise of online sales is not merely about convenience; its about access and engagement. A consumer in a remote village can now purchase products previously unavailable due to geographical limitations. Social media platforms function as virtual makeup counters, where influencers demonstrate products, provide tutorials, and drive purchasing decisions with a single post. Interactive features like virtual try-on tools and personalized product recommendations enhance the online shopping experience, fostering customer loyalty and increasing average order values. This enhanced engagement translates into increased conversion rates and, ultimately, higher revenue for the industry. The economic impact extends beyond sales, influencing supply chain management, marketing strategies, and even product development, all tailored to meet the demands of the online consumer.

The digital marketplace is not without its challenges. Counterfeit products, data security concerns, and the difficulty of replicating the sensory experience of in-store shopping present ongoing hurdles. Yet, the potential for continued growth remains undeniable. Augmented reality applications, artificial intelligence-powered personalization, and the expanding reach of social commerce platforms promise to further integrate online sales into the fabric of the makeup industry. As the digital landscape evolves, so too will the strategies and innovations that shape the financial outcome of this dynamic sector, ensuring that the online sales impact continues to be a key determinant of the industry’s annual earnings.

7. Economic Fluctuations

The prosperity of the makeup industry, an empire built on beauty and self-expression, is often at the mercy of the larger economic tides. The flow of capital into this industry, reflected in its annual revenue, ebbs and flows in direct response to the overall health of the global economy. When nations prosper, so does the desire for enhancement. Conversely, during periods of austerity, the pursuit of beauty can become a secondary concern, directly impacting sales and profitability.

The 2008 financial crisis serves as a stark reminder of this relationship. As markets crumbled and unemployment soared, consumer spending on non-essential items, including makeup, experienced a significant downturn. Luxury brands, in particular, felt the pinch as consumers traded down to more affordable alternatives. The industry adapted, focusing on value-driven offerings and cost-effective marketing strategies. The recent COVID-19 pandemic presented a different challenge. Lockdowns and remote work arrangements led to a decrease in demand for certain makeup categories, such as lipstick and foundation, while skincare products experienced a surge in popularity as individuals focused on self-care at home. These examples highlight the industry’s resilience and adaptability, but also underscore the undeniable impact of economic instability on its financial well-being.

Understanding this interconnectedness is crucial for both industry leaders and market analysts. Predicting and preparing for potential economic shifts allows companies to adjust their strategies proactively, mitigating losses and capitalizing on emerging opportunities. The makeup industry’s story is not just one of color palettes and contouring; it is a testament to its ability to navigate the turbulent waters of global economics, constantly reshaping itself to meet the demands of a changing world.

8. Consumer Spending Trends

The yearly earnings of the cosmetics market are not merely a result of clever marketing or innovative products. Instead, they are intrinsically linked to the ebb and flow of consumer spending patterns, a complex tapestry woven from individual choices and influenced by a multitude of societal and economic factors. To truly understand the revenue generated, one must examine the trends that shape consumer behavior.

  • The Lipstick Index and Economic Sentiment

    During times of economic uncertainty, an anomaly emerges: the “Lipstick Index.” Coined during the early 2000s recession, it posits that when consumers cut back on major purchases, they still indulge in smaller, affordable luxuries like lipstick. This phenomenon, while not always consistent, illustrates how economic sentiment can channel spending within the beauty sector. In lean times, consumers might forego expensive spa treatments but still seek the confidence boost of a new shade, thereby sustaining a portion of the market’s revenue.

  • Influence of Social Media and Beauty Influencers

    The digital age has ushered in an era of unprecedented influence for beauty influencers. These individuals, often with millions of followers, shape consumer desires and drive purchasing decisions through product reviews, tutorials, and sponsored content. A single endorsement from a prominent influencer can catapult a product to viral status, resulting in a surge in sales and impacting the brand’s and, consequently, the industry’s overall revenue. This trend underscores the power of digital marketing in shaping consumer behavior.

  • The Rise of Conscious Consumerism

    Increasingly, consumers are demanding ethical and sustainable products. This conscious consumerism is reflected in the growing popularity of cruelty-free, vegan, and environmentally friendly cosmetics. Brands that align with these values are rewarded with increased sales and brand loyalty. Failure to adapt can result in reputational damage and decreased market share. The move towards conscious choices represents a fundamental shift in consumer spending and significantly affects the composition of the beauty market’s earnings.

  • The Skintellectual and the Quest for Efficacy

    Consumers are more informed and discerning than ever before. Armed with access to vast amounts of information online, they are researching ingredients, scrutinizing formulations, and seeking products that deliver tangible results. This “skintellectual” trend has led to an increase in demand for scientifically backed skincare and makeup with proven efficacy. Marketing claims are met with skepticism, and brands must demonstrate the value and effectiveness of their products to earn consumer trust and capture their spending.

These facets illustrate the complex interplay between consumer spending trends and the makeup industry’s financial performance. The industry does not operate in a vacuum; it is constantly shaped by economic forces, digital influence, ethical considerations, and the growing sophistication of the consumer. Understanding these trends is crucial for predicting future revenue and ensuring long-term success in this dynamic market.

9. Innovation Investments

The makeup industry’s annual revenue is, in many ways, a direct reflection of its commitment to innovation. The dollars allocated to research and development, the exploration of new ingredients and technologies, the pursuit of more sustainable practicesthese investments are not simply expenditures; they are seeds sown for future financial harvests. The correlation is undeniable: a stagnant industry, unwilling to adapt and innovate, will inevitably see its revenue plateau, while an industry that embraces change and invests in progress will reap the rewards of increased consumer interest and expanded market share.

Consider the history of long-wear foundation. For years, consumers grappled with formulas that faded, creased, or transferred onto clothing. Brands that invested in developing truly long-lasting, transfer-resistant foundations not only captured a significant portion of the market but also elevated the entire category. This investment in formulation technology, driven by a desire to address consumer needs, directly translated into increased sales and higher industry revenue. Similarly, the growing demand for clean beauty has spurred investments in sustainable packaging and ethically sourced ingredients. Companies that have embraced this trend, investing in eco-friendly alternatives, have seen their brand image enhanced and their customer base expand, further boosting their financial performance. Conversely, brands that resisted these changes, clinging to outdated practices, have struggled to maintain their market position.

The link between innovation investments and financial success is not always immediate or guaranteed. Research and development can be costly, and not every innovation will resonate with consumers. However, the long-term benefits of continuous investment in innovation are undeniable. It is this commitment to progress that allows the makeup industry to remain relevant, adapt to evolving consumer preferences, and ultimately, generate substantial revenue year after year. The story of the makeup industry is, in essence, a story of continuous innovation, a testament to the power of investment in shaping financial outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions

The financial scale of the makeup industry often sparks curiosity. These questions address common inquiries and clarify some misconceptions regarding its significant earnings.

Question 1: Is it possible to pinpoint an exact annual revenue figure for the makeup industry?

The pursuit of a precise figure resembles chasing a mirage. Market research firms offer estimations, but these are, by necessity, approximations. The global nature of the industry, the varying data collection methods across countries, and the presence of an informal market make pinpoint accuracy unattainable. The publicly available figures should be seen as indicators of scale rather than definitive counts.

Question 2: Do these revenue estimates include only makeup, or also skincare and other beauty products?

The lines blur. While “makeup industry” typically focuses on color cosmetics like foundation, lipstick, and eyeshadow, the broader beauty and personal care market often gets intertwined. Some reports may encompass skincare, haircare, and fragrances, making it crucial to examine the report’s scope when interpreting the data. Separate analyses isolating the makeup segment can provide a more focused view.

Question 3: How is the annual revenue distributed among the major players and smaller brands?

The distribution resembles a pyramid. A few multinational corporations capture a substantial portion of the market share. Their established brands, extensive distribution networks, and large marketing budgets provide a competitive advantage. However, smaller, independent brands are gaining ground, particularly through online channels and niche markets, disrupting the traditional distribution and earning their place, but the dominance of larger companies significantly shapes the overall revenue distribution.

Question 4: Is the makeup industry resistant to economic downturns, or is it significantly affected by recessions?

The industry exhibits a degree of resilience, but it is not immune. The “Lipstick Effect” suggests that consumers continue to purchase small luxuries during economic hardship. However, larger downturns can lead to decreased spending on discretionary items, impacting the industry’s financial performance, especially for luxury brands. Adaptability, value-driven offerings, and focus on essential products provide a buffer against economic headwinds.

Question 5: Does the rise of online sales contribute substantially to the industry’s overall revenue?

The digital revolution has been transformative. E-commerce is no longer a supplementary channel but a primary driver of growth. Online sales offer convenience, wider product selection, and direct access to consumers, bypassing traditional retail structures. The increasing sophistication of online marketing and social media influence has further amplified the impact of e-commerce on the makeup industry’s earnings.

Question 6: Do investments in innovation significantly affect the makeup industry’s yearly financial results?

Innovation is the lifeblood of the industry. Consumers crave novel products, improved formulations, and sustainable options. Companies that invest in research and development, explore new ingredients, and adopt eco-friendly practices are more likely to capture market share and drive revenue growth. Stagnation can lead to obsolescence, highlighting the crucial link between innovation and financial success.

The financial narrative of the makeup industry is dynamic. While precise figures remain elusive, an understanding of the underlying factors can illuminate its economic importance.

Next, explore the future projections and evolving trends that are set to influence the financial trajectory of the market.

Navigating the Financial Landscape of the Cosmetics Sector

The yearly revenue generation within the cosmetics industry presents a complex mosaic. Comprehending this multi-billion dollar landscape necessitates careful consideration of several key factors. This section distills those observations into actionable insights.

Tip 1: Deciphering Revenue Estimates Requires Context

Publicized figures are valuable indicators, but rarely represent concrete sums. Various market research firms employ differing methodologies, producing figures that should be interpreted within the constraints of each report’s scope. Understanding the data collection methods and the geographical regions covered provides a more nuanced view.

Tip 2: Recognizing the Influence of Major Players Is Paramount

The market share commanded by established multinational corporations significantly shapes the overall financial trajectory. Strategic moves, product launches, and marketing campaigns conducted by these giants can have a cascading effect on the industry’s revenue. Monitoring their performance provides insights into broader market trends.

Tip 3: Adapting to Evolving Consumer Spending Habits Is Crucial

Consumer preferences are not static; they shift in response to economic conditions, social media influence, and evolving ethical considerations. Staying attuned to these changes, whether it’s the “Lipstick Effect” during economic downturns or the growing demand for sustainable products, enables businesses to adapt and capture market share.

Tip 4: Embracing Innovation Remains a Competitive Imperative

The cosmetics industry rewards innovation. Investment in research and development, exploration of new ingredients, and adoption of sustainable practices are not mere expenditures; they are strategic investments in future growth. Brands that stagnate risk obsolescence, while those that embrace change are better positioned to thrive.

Tip 5: Understanding the Impact of Online Sales Is Non-Negotiable

E-commerce has fundamentally altered the financial dynamics of the cosmetics industry. A robust online presence, effective digital marketing strategies, and a seamless online shopping experience are essential for success in the modern market. Ignoring the influence of online sales is akin to overlooking a major revenue stream.

Tip 6: Recognize Economic Cycles and Its Effects

The state of economy can effect how much consumer can buy and use the makeup industry. Brands that align with this cycles can stay afloat and create a customer trust with their clients. For example, during hard times brands can use affordable pricing to gain trust and stay in business.

In summary, the financial strength of the makeup sector is not a simple calculation. It hinges on grasping market intricacies, consumer trends, and the disruptive force of innovation. These insights are indispensable for anyone seeking to navigate the terrain of this multi-billion dollar field.

These practical guidelines are meant to steer stakeholders toward greater understanding, as the final portion of this article provides a broader perspective.

The Enduring Allure

The exploration into the financial heart of the cosmetics market reveals more than just a tally of sales. It unveils a complex ecosystem where consumer desires, economic forces, and innovative technologies converge. The examination has shown that, estimating how much does the makeup industry make a year remains an ever-shifting target, impacted by global events, regional preferences, and the ever-increasing influence of the digital world. Each lipstick tube sold, each foundation shade perfectly matched, contributes to a financial narrative that reflects our culture’s relationship with beauty and self-expression.

The story of this industry is one of constant evolution, a testament to human ingenuity and the enduring pursuit of self-enhancement. As consumer values continue to evolve, and as technology reshapes the landscape of commerce, the makeup industry will undoubtedly adapt, innovate, and continue to paint its own unique financial masterpiece on the global stage. Let the understanding of its dynamics encourage informed engagement and responsible consumption, always recognizing the power and responsibility that come with shaping perceptions of beauty.

close
close