The chemical species undergoing electron loss during a reaction experiences oxidation. This process results in an increase in the oxidation state of the species. A classic example is the reaction of metallic sodium with chlorine gas, where sodium atoms lose electrons to form sodium ions, thus undergoing oxidation while chlorine atoms gain those electrons to form chloride ions.
Oxidation is a fundamental process in numerous natural and industrial settings. It plays a crucial role in energy production, such as in combustion and cellular respiration. Furthermore, it is central to many industrial processes, including metal refining and the production of various chemicals. Historically, understanding this phenomenon has allowed for significant advancements in diverse fields such as metallurgy and materials science.