Life in frigid, treeless regions is characterized by unique biological communities. These ecosystems are dominated by low-growing vegetation adapted to short growing seasons and permafrost, and support specialized fauna capable of surviving extreme cold and limited resources. For example, dwarf shrubs, mosses, and lichens are typical flora, while mammals like arctic foxes, caribou, and musk oxen, along with migratory birds, represent the resident and seasonal animal populations.
The well-being of these high-latitude biotic elements is crucial for several reasons. They play a vital role in global carbon cycling, influencing atmospheric composition. Moreover, they hold cultural significance for indigenous communities and serve as indicators of climate change impacts. Historically, these communities have evolved in relative isolation, leading to unique adaptations and ecological interactions not found elsewhere.
